Cause and Effect :: essays research papers

Cause and Effect of Price Wars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When large sums of money are at stake, many companies bend and flex to their limits to guarantee defeat over the competition. Sometimes they take a loss in one area for a gain in another area. There is a cause for every action the company makes, and in return for their action there is an effect. Although the effect can sometimes be pre-determined, no one is really sure what the outcome is going to be until the time comes. There are millions of cars on the road today and they all require tires. When an owner replaces the tires on his or her vehicle, they can decide what make and model will be on the car. But when a buyer purchases a new car, they do not have the option of which tires they would like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is severe competition in today’s tire market between Goodyear, Firestone, and Michelin. They all want their tire to appear on new cars. The tires that come on the car are usually determined by who has the lowest price for the best tires. But companies can bid too low in the heat of a price war. Since the company needs to make a profit on their product, the production cost is lowered, in tern the quality of the product could be lowered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A perfect example of this happened in 1997 between Goodyear and Firestone. They both wanted their tires to appear on the Ford Explorer. This brought a debate to the table. Who could make the better offer to Ford? Well, Firestone did. Goodyear could not match the price Firestone had offered, and at the same time meet their own quality standards. This caused Firestone to take that share of the market, and the effect of the low bid was to soon be realized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since Ford had accepted the low bid, Firestone did not have as much money to produce each tire. The lower price directly related to the lower quality of the tire. Also there was less budget for proper testing. Since, Firestone was quick to get their product mounted on the Explorer and on the market, the lower budgeted tire underwent poor, unrealistic testing. Investigators said that Ford never really tested these tires in real world conditions. They ran them at 90 miles per hour for 200 miles at and average temperature of 90 degrees, which is not exactly considered every day driving. Cause and Effect :: essays research papers Cause and Effect of Price Wars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When large sums of money are at stake, many companies bend and flex to their limits to guarantee defeat over the competition. Sometimes they take a loss in one area for a gain in another area. There is a cause for every action the company makes, and in return for their action there is an effect. Although the effect can sometimes be pre-determined, no one is really sure what the outcome is going to be until the time comes. There are millions of cars on the road today and they all require tires. When an owner replaces the tires on his or her vehicle, they can decide what make and model will be on the car. But when a buyer purchases a new car, they do not have the option of which tires they would like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is severe competition in today’s tire market between Goodyear, Firestone, and Michelin. They all want their tire to appear on new cars. The tires that come on the car are usually determined by who has the lowest price for the best tires. But companies can bid too low in the heat of a price war. Since the company needs to make a profit on their product, the production cost is lowered, in tern the quality of the product could be lowered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A perfect example of this happened in 1997 between Goodyear and Firestone. They both wanted their tires to appear on the Ford Explorer. This brought a debate to the table. Who could make the better offer to Ford? Well, Firestone did. Goodyear could not match the price Firestone had offered, and at the same time meet their own quality standards. This caused Firestone to take that share of the market, and the effect of the low bid was to soon be realized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since Ford had accepted the low bid, Firestone did not have as much money to produce each tire. The lower price directly related to the lower quality of the tire. Also there was less budget for proper testing. Since, Firestone was quick to get their product mounted on the Explorer and on the market, the lower budgeted tire underwent poor, unrealistic testing. Investigators said that Ford never really tested these tires in real world conditions. They ran them at 90 miles per hour for 200 miles at and average temperature of 90 degrees, which is not exactly considered every day driving.

Amino Acid Chromatography

In this experiment paper chromatography was used in order to identify two unknown amino acids using eight known amino ones. The two unknown ones were identified by comparing the distance they travelled up the chromatography paper and their Rf values to the corresponding values of the other eight known amino acids. The unknown amino acids identified were Glycine and Methionine. Introduction Proteins in cells are important in many ways. There are different types of proteins such as contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins and transport proteins. They are vital to regular cell functioning.Proteins are made up of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds. When fewer than 50 amino acids are joined together, a polypeptide is formed. All proteins have two groups in common. They have a carboxylic group and an amino group. There are 20 types of amino acids that bond together in different combinations to perform different functions. The primary structur e of proteins is the order and number of amino acids. Secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures are formed from chains of peptides that are folded into sheets, ribbons and coils so that they form a 3D shape and are more stable.Different weights of amino acid make them differ in polarity. This characteristic enables the separation of proteins by polarity using chromatography. Paper chromatography is an example of a chromatography technique called absorption chromatography. The paper is the adsorbent, which will bind the components of the mixture. The substance will be â€Å"spotted† onto the chromatography paper and put into a beaker filled with solvent. The solvent will then flow through the paper. The solvent chosen depends highly on its polarity as this will be the characteristic that will separate the different substances.Petroleum, ether, hexanes, cyclohexanes and toluene are some examples of solvents with different polarities as well as increasing polarities. In som e cases, mixtures of solvents are made to reach a certain polarity. If substances that are needed to be separated are polar, then the solvent must be slightly less polar. Non-polar substances need a polar solvent to be separated. The solvent travels faster than the samples. The Rf value is the ratio of the distance traveled by the sample and the distance travelled by the sample.Rf = distance travelled by amino acid sample from the origin in mm distance travelled by the solvent from the origin in mm Factors affecting how far the amino acids travel depend on how high the solvent is allowed to rise on the paper, the type of absorbent, the type of concentration of the solvent, temperature and the distance of the origin from the solvent. One type of test to detect proteins is the Ninhydrin test. This test makes the amino acids spots visible. Ninhydrin is a pale yellow solid and it reacts with the amino group in the amino acids and proteins and produces a purple product.Heat must be used in order to speed up the reaction. Objective The objective of this experiment was to spot various amino acids and an unknown mixture on chromatography paper and run it with a chromatography solvent. The lab period following included treating the samples with Ninhydrin solution and heating it so that the amino acids could be visible. The distance of the samples were then measured in mm from the origin. The measurements were then used to calculate the Rf values for each sample and thus the unknown sample could be identified. Materials Alanine, 1% Solution Arginine, 1% SolutionAsparagine, 1% Solution Aspartic acid, 1% Solution Glycine, 1% Solution Lysine, 1% Solution Methionine, 1% Solution Tyrosine, 1% Solution Unknown, 1% Solution Chromatography Solvent, 20mL Ninhydrin solution, 2%, 10mL Beaker, 600mL Chromatography paper, 20X10 cm Graduated Cylinder, 25-mL Heat source, drying over or hot plate Microtip pipets, 9 Pencil Ruler Spray bottle Stapler Watch glass or aluminum foil Procedur e 1. On a 20cm wide by 10 cm high piece of chromatography paper, a pencil was used to draw a straight line (about 1 cm) from the bottom of the paper from the left to the right side 2.Nine pencil dots were placed 2cm apart on the line 3. The name of each amino acid was written under each dot in pencil. 20 mL of chromatography solvent was then added to the 600-mL beaker 4. A micropipette was used to obtain a small amount of the first amino acid 5. The tip of the pipette was placed above the chromatography paper directly above the pencil dot and a spot of the amino acid was dropped on the dot 6. Steps 4 and 5 were repeated for the eight amino acid solutions 7. With the sample side facing outwards the chromatography paper was turned into a cylinder and the top and bottom edges of the paper were stapled. .The paper cylinder was then placed into a beaker with the chromatography solvent. 9. The beaker was then covered with a watch glass 10. The samples were then allowed to run till the sol vent level was about 1 cm from the top of the paper. 11. The chromatography paper was then removed from the beaker. The solvent height was then marked with a pencil line and the staples were removed 12. The chromatography paper was then left to dry During the following lab 13. The chromatography paper was sprayed with a spray bottle containing 10mL of 2 % Ninhydrin solution 14.The chromatography paper was left to dry for 10-20 minutes 15. The paper was then put in a drying oven or held 10 cm above a hot plate to heat so that the color could develop 16. A dot was placed with a pencil at the centermost point of each amino acid 17. The distance in mm of the solvent traveled from the pencil line till the where the solved stopped traveling was measured. 18. The distance in mm from the origin till where each amino acid traveled was measured 19. The Rf value for each amino acid was calculated ResultsTable 1: Distance and Rf values of the amino acids and unknowns Amino Distance(mm)452427223 015574235/60 Rf Value0. 50. 270. 30. 240. 330. 170. 630. 470. 39/0. 67 The distance traveled by the solvent from the pencil line drawn was 90mm. The unknown samples were found to be Glycine and Methionine by comparing their Rf and distances values to those amino acids with Rf and distance values that were calculated. Discussion Paper Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of compounds into its components.Pens and markers are not used as their ink will be separated too. Instead, pencils are utilized as they are made from graphite which does not separate. Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without any help from external forces. This flow is against gravity as well. This happens because of the intermolecular attractive forces between the liquid and the solid surrounding surfaces. Surface tension and adhesive forces between the liquid and solid also help the liquid rise through the solid.The Rf value is defined as the ratio of the distance travell ed by the amino acid sample from the origin to the distance travelled by the solvent. The ratios, therefore, stay the same regardless of the solvent used. Ninhydrin is used in paper chromatography to identify amino acids. Ninhydrin solution turns the amino acid fingerprints to the color purple, therefore making them visible. For this reason we take care when touching the chromatography paper. The least polar amino acid was alanine as the distance it moved up the paper was the least.

Are Prisons Obsolete By Angela Davis Essay - 1306 Words

What once was used as a means of rehabilitation has now became a corrupted institution based upon the societal norms of the 21st century. In the novel, â€Å"Are Prisons Obsolete† by Angela Davis, she emphasizes the underlining problems faced within modern day prisons. More specifically on how the reformation of these prisons have ultimately backfired causing the number of imprisonments to sky rocket drastically. Which results in the concept of the prison system being a lot more harmful than helpful to the prison-based communities nationwide. How is it that prison reformers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries put such a big amount of effort into changing the way people were being punished. Without touching on the importance of racial disparities occurring during that specific time-period. Davis states â€Å"If the individual was not perceived as possessing inalienable rights and liberties, then the alienation of those rights and liberties by removal from society to a space tyrannically governed by the state would not have made sense.† (Davis 2003: 44). African Americans can be viewed as one of the greatest racially discriminated groups of people since the beginning of slavery. Many viewed slaves as unintelligent individuals that were nothing more than a piece of meat whose main purpose was to endure hard labor for no pay. This â€Å"airtight system of social control† (Burris Burris 2011) is the foundation of oppression that has allowed our society to devalue the rightsShow MoreRelatedAre Prisons Obsolete? By Angela Davis1513 Words   |  7 Pages Angela Davis is the author of Are Prisons Obsolete?. Davis lays out the facts about incarceration and how it has effected our society; not to mention how it has played a major role in our history. 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