An Earthquake In Italy In 2016 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 731 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Earthquake Essay Did you like this example? In the early hours of 24 August 2016, an earthquake of magnitude (the amount of energy released) 6.2 struck Central Italy, southeast of the Umbrian town of Norcia, followed by violent aftershocks, causing 297 deaths and approximately 400 injured. Serious damage occurred in the regions of Lazio, Umbria and Marche, historically prone to seismic hazards, with the towns of Amatrice being the hardest hit; thousands of people were forced to abandon their homes. A state of emergency was declared by the Italian government in the countrys worst hit regions, and mobile network operators worked quickly to restore services. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Earthquake In Italy In 2016" essay for you Create order On October 26 two more violent aftershocks, some as strong as 5.5 magnitude occurred, causing the destruction of many buildings or making them structurally unsafe in several towns n the mountainous central region. Causes Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates, which are driven by convention currents (currents of molten rock that move slowly in the Earths mantle, dragging plates with them). The North-South Fault and the East-West fault are the two fault lines running through Italy, pushing and pulling the country in several directions. As a result the Appennine mountain range, which runs through central Italy, is being stretched in a northeast-southwest direction at a rate of 3mm a year, causing tension and pressure to build up in the rocks. Each time there is a movement in the Eurasian and African plates the built up pressure can be suddenly released as an earthquake. When this occurs, energy is released as seismic waves which spread out from the focus and are felt most strongly at the epicenter. In Amatrices case, the focus was only 5.1km deep, which caused the shaking to be a lot worse and led to severe damage on the surface. Effects As a result of the earthquake, 269 people died and 4,454 were displaced, forced to rely on approximately 58 tent camps. The worst affected region was Marche, where almost 2,000 people lost their homes; Amatrice was one of the worst-affected towns, where more than 80% of the old town centre was destroyed, with a total of 293 damaged or destroyed historic buildings. The foundations of many buildings that had not collapsed were so badly weakened that they would have had to be pulled down. The impact of the earthquake was greatly affected by the fact that most of the buildings in Italy do not meet seismic standards, despite the allocation of 1 billion euros to improve buildings after the 2009 earthquake: this also caused the collapse of the school in Amatrice, although it had been restored in 2012. In addition to this, the earthquake occurred at 3:36 a.m. while people were sleeping, and there was no time to evacuate. Roads and a bridge were damaged as well, causing search and rescue teams to be slowed down. Response and prevention In the aftermath of these earthquakes, the response and recovery of the affected people was helped by rapid access to information and communication. Internet access was crucial so that rescue teams could communicate using as many signals as possible. Hundreds of rescue crews from all around the country, including a six-men team of firefighters from the Vatican, searched the area straddling the regions of Umbria, Marche and Lazio. To monitor these a 24-h emergency control centre was activated in Rome, while the Italian Red Cross worked from a mobile operations centre in the earthquake zone. Camps were set up for those who were forced to leave their homes and emergency items were provided; mobile kitchens functioned for over a week. Knowing that there would be a high demand of blood in the hospitals the national blood donation service appealed for new donators. In order to ensure children were able to return to school as soon as possible, plans were made to enable students to attend classes in neighboring towns. In Amatrice, the government group Civil Protection, that deals with the predicting, planning and managing of major events, prepared prefabricated buildings for 12 classrooms. After the earthquake, many debates about how Italys buildings do not meet seismic standards were raised; however, people also believe in the prevention plan announced later on by the government, which involves an investment of between two to three billion euros each year for the repairing and reconstructing of the damaged buildings. It is clear that, to avoid disastrous consequences by an earthquake in the future, the buildings need to are rebuilt according to seismic standards in order to make them safer.

Charles Crick And James Watson On The Structure Of The...

In 1962, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Francis Crick and James Watson for formulating the structure of the complex molecule known as DNA. These discoveries were a direct result of the accumulation of many scientists’ earlier analyses and findings of the DNA. Before Watson and Crick had developed the double-helical structure of DNA, indication of this genetic material had been revealed around the 1850’s. During the century following the first evidence of DNA, subsequent researchers had been eagerly examining the physical and chemical components of this molecule. Moreover, scientists such as Erwin Chargaff and Linus Pauling established a scientific foundation of research for future experts like Watson and Crick to analyze and interpret. The history of science acknowledges Watson and Crick’s findings as an exclusive discovery of their studies. However, the knowledge required to expose these innovative ideas are a culmination of â€Å"human events in which personal ities and cultural traditions play major roles† (Watson and Stent, 3). Watson’s personal account within The Double Helix introduces the significance of these scientific influences on his research and discovery of the DNA molecular structure. Without major scientific figures, such as Max Perutz, Rosalind Franklin, and Linus Pauling, the conceptualization of Watson and Crick’s DNA structure would not have successfully developed as it did in the 1950’s. Intrigued by Linus Pauling’s discovery of the alpha helix, WatsonShow MoreRelatedTransforming Species Into Molecular Biology3591 Words   |  15 Pagesobservation, towards more sophisticated and complex research. Through those influential hundred years, one question remained, what is life? And how do we appropriately characterize it? Because of this, three of sciences revolutionary icons approached their respective inquiries in different manners. All three men used outside correspondences with their peers to help them develop their own assumptions and eventually revolutionizing the concept of science. Watson and Crick’s work, along with Darwin’s representRead MoreThe Ethics of Genetic Engineering Essay2933 Words   |  12 Pagesdevelops this (Toward E01.) It has been only four decades since James D. Watson and Francis H. Crick made one of the most profound discoveries ever, the double helix structure of DNA. Today we know, human DNA is made of up twenty-three pairs of chromosomes and is found in all cells of the human body. Human genes are short segments of DNA that determine human traits, ranging from sex to eye color (Toward 1995.) To a large extent, DNA predetermines what diseases we will get, what our IQ will be andRead MoreThe Invention Of The 21st Century2497 Words   |  10 Pagesvaluable resource in agriculture, medicine, and industry. While the human body may be adapted to the Stone Age, we now find ourselves in this new â€Å"Biotic Age†. We are steadily â€Å"moving away from accidental and toward directed mutation in the basic structures of human individuals , by means of X-Rays, lasers, high-speed electrons, neutrons, or alpha particles† (Fletcher 8). As with any revolutionary technology, there are many con cerns regarding the potential of genetic engineering. Some of these fearsRead MoreBCH190 Essay14810 Words   |  60 PagesDifference occurs in the sequence of long chain molecules and becomes information in biological organisms. ‘Life’ assembles itself into chains: (A) of RNA (B) all of the answers are correct (C) of DNA (D) of protein (E) none of these answers are correct 2. Which of the following foods is not a significant source of complex carbohydrates? (A) fresh fruit (B) rice (C) pasta (D) oatmeal (E) all of the above are significant sources of complex carbohydrates 3. The order that bestRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 Pagesuse of Genetically Modified Organisms throughout the world. A Brief Description of GMOs and the Science Behind Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) – Michele Jacobs The topic of GMOs is one that has been, in recent years, a highly debated and complex subject. To better understand why this subject is so highly debated, polarizing and fueled with a pro or con stance, it is best to start at the beginning. Genetically Modified Organisms and the technology used to create them have been around for

Can Sea Water Generate Usable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(67) " steam becomes wet and is subsequently condensed in the capacitor\." Abstraction Alternatively of following the conventional fuel oriented power coevals methods and dispersing its heat into environment, we evaporate saline H2O into steam and utilize its energy to bring forth power. Using this strategy would do sea H2O useable in power coevals which at the minute is merely being used for chilling intents in the power workss. The steam used for bring forthing electricity is finally collected, condensed and used for drinkable intents. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Sea Water Generate Usable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The proposed strategy may be seen as Steam Power Generation with extra characteristic of desalinization. We set up an experimental trial bed in order to cipher the electric power available utilizing this strategy. To guarantee safety for human ingestion, we besides perform chemical trials on the desalinated H2O to see whether it is fit to be used for imbibing and agricultural intents. Our decisions are based on existent experiments and research lab trials ; processs outlined here may be used at larger graduated table for more in-depth analyses. We besides highlight future extensions and alterations in this work. Keywords: DC Shunt Generator, Desalination, Measurement, Power Generation, Thermal Plants Introduction Most of the Earth ‘s H2O is either belowground or in ocean. In both instances the high composing of different salts and minerals present in the H2O makes it useless for human public-service corporations. Merely 1 % of the Earth ‘s H2O exists in lakes, pools, or in any other soft H2O beginning, which is non sufficient for 1000000s of human existences. Human presently use 18 % of the accessible H2O every twelvemonth [ 1 ] . This calls for doing usage of other beginnings of H2O, for case sea H2O, which is available in copiousness. Before utilizing sea H2O, nevertheless, its salt content needs to be removed. The remotion of salt from sea H2O, called Desalination, occurs of course at ocean ‘s surface. The Sun evaporates saline H2O from the huge seas and oceans therefore giving rise to â€Å" Natural Desalination † [ 2 ] . These bluess occupy a cloudy construction which consequences in the purest signifier of H2O – â€Å" rain H2O † . Apart from natur al desalinization, there are two thermic desalinization procedures used worldwide viz. â€Å" Multi Effect Desalination † ( MED ) and â€Å" Multi Stage Flash Distillation † ( MSF ) [ 3 ] . In both of the mentioned engineerings, saltwater is evaporated and so condensed to get fresh H2O, though the procedures involved are rather different in each of them. Pakistan is blessed with more than 1000km long seashore line [ 4 ] . Rational use of this H2O resource is polar for the upheaval of an agricultural state like Pakistan. Sea H2O, nevertheless, has built-in job of holding salts and other minerals which need to be removed before doing it useable for drinkable and agricultural intents. Not merely in agribusiness, H2O play an of import function in carry throughing the power demands of the state. Country relies significantly on Thermal Power Generation, which burns fuel to heat H2O in the boilers for bring forthing electricity. Karachi Electric Supply Corporation ( KESC ) has 1756MW installed capacity for Thermal Power Generation [ 5 ] . Despite holding a big reservoir of sea H2O, its application in both agribusiness and power sectors of the state is impossible without taking its inherently dissolved salts and minerals. Desalination, although can give important benefits, brings considerable environmental harm because of its terminal merchandises. Some conservationists have claimed that the residuary by-product after desalinization with high salt concentration is a large Marine pollutant when thrown back into the sea at high temperatures [ 6 ] . On the other manus, desalinization has obvious cost benefits. Desalination might go even more economically feasible if renewable energy is used to heat the sea H2O alternatively of firing coal, oil or other fuels. The thought of utilizing renewable energy for desalinization is already in pattern at Perth Desalination Plant, which is partly powered by air current energy [ 7 ] . In an effort to foreground the possibility of utilizing desalinated H2O for power coevals before condensation, in this paper introduces a strategy to desalt sea H2O by heating it in boilers and to utilize the kinetic energy of steam to bring forth electricity. The proposed thought will non merely do sea H2O useable for agricultural activities but will besides bring forth considerable sums of electric power, which we need most desperately during the on-going power crisis [ 8 ] . In this paper, we are peculiarly interested in measuring the sum of electricity which can be generated utilizing the proposed set up and its impact on the chemical belongingss of H2O. It is deserving adverting that we are interested in the alterations in H2O belongingss caused by heating the sea H2O ; we ignore the alterations brought approximately due to the hit of H2O with the turbine blades. Rest of the paper is organized as follows. Proposed conventional and experimental set up is detailed in subdivision 2. Power generated following the proposed strategy is evaluated in subdivision 3. Consequences from chemical trials done on the condensed H2O are given in subdivision 4 and decisions are drawn in subdivision 5. Mentions are given at the terminal of the paper followed by the appendix incorporating the chemical trial study on the condensed H2O. PROPOSED SCHEMATIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SET UP As mentioned earlier, the thought being evaluated in this paper is to boil sea H2O to acquire rid of its salt contents and utilize the kinetic energy of the ensuing steam to bring forth electric power. It can be seen from the proposed set up shown in Figure 1 that salt H2O is heated in a boiler under decreased force per unit area. The salt contents are retained into the boiler and the generated dry steam is sent out to the reaction-type steam turbine. The steam loses its kinetic energy against the turbine blades in the turbine doing the traveling blades to revolve. This turbine coupled with the generator acts as its premier mover and hence electricity becomes available at the generator terminuss. Upon hit with the turbine blades, dry steam becomes wet and is subsequently condensed in the capacitor. You read "Can Sea Water Generate Usable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Our experimental set up has used low capacity boilers, turbines and capacitor in o rder to enforce that the power we generate would be the minimal available from the set up. Bigger devices can of class output better power end products when used commercially. The shaft diameter of the turbine was 2.6cm, while that of turbine was 16cm. The blade tallness was 3.8cm and the nozzle angle was 20o. These specifications are given in Table I. The electromotive force construct up equation for a DC Generator is given in equation ( 1 ) [ 9 ] , where, P is the figure of poles, Z is the figure of music directors, I ¦ is the flux per pole, N is the figure of rotary motions per minute and a is the figure of parallel waies and Vg is the mean electromotive force built in the generator. Table 1: Specifications of equipment used in the proposed apparatus Volume of boiler 5lit Turbine type Chemical reaction Turbine Turbine diameter 16cm Turbine shaft diameter 2.6cm Turbine blade tallness 3.8cm Nozzle angle 20o Generator DC Shunt Generator Picture1 Figures: Proposed apparatus for desalinization and power coevals aˆÂ ¦ ( 1 ) AVAILABLE TERMINAL VOLTAGE FROM THE PROPOSED SET UP In this subdivision, we report our observations recorded from the set up discussed in subdivision 2. As has been mentioned antecedently, our primary involvement is in measuring the power generated from this set up, which basically depends on the rotary motions per minute of the turbine caused by the steam. Our observations suggest that the extremum revolutions per minute reached utilizing this set up is around 700rpm while mean value remained to be about 450rpm. Following, we evaluate the electromotive force generated by 450rpm in a typical DC Generator. Note that similar computations can be made for a synchronal generator. These observations are recorded in Table 2. Table 2: Observations on revolutions per minute and end product terminal electromotive force from the proposed apparatus Peak revolutions per minute 700 Average revolutions per minute 450 Terminal Voltage ( peak revolutions per minute ) 441V Terminal Voltage ( avg revolutions per minute ) 283.5V Mechanical Power ( peak revolutions per minute ) 24W Mechanical Power ( avg revolutions per minute ) 6.5W Therefore, for a lap lesion ( a=p ) , 6 pole, 1260 music directors, DC generator holding flux per pole of 0.03web used in our set up will bring forth about 283.5V mean electromotive force ( at 450rpm ) and 441V ( at 700 revolutions per minute ) . It must be noted that the dimensions of setup used in our set up is significantly little and greater electromotive forces may be achieved utilizing larger fringe. WATER Testing In this subdivision we conduct intense chemical trials on the H2O recovered from the capacitor which had been used to revolve the turbine blades. We conduct these trials to guarantee that condensed H2O is suited to be used for imbibing and agricultural intents. In peculiar, we are interested in observing whether boiling sea H2O in a individual phase boiler has removed all unsought dissolvers. We have performed laboratory trials at Postgraduate Environmental Lab at NED University of Engineering and Technology on H2O collected in the capacitor obtained from 3 separate experiments. We present some of the interesting findings in the undermentioned. We attach one of the studies ( as sample ) in the appendix at the terminal of the paper. We discuss the consequences of chemical trial done on the condensed H2O in the followers. Our parametric quantities of involvement are pH value, Total Dissolved Salt ( TDS ) , Electrical Conductivity and Entire Coli-form. Obtained consequences are tabulate d in Table 3. Table 3: Chemical belongingss of H2O recovered from the proposed strategy pH 7.8 Entire Dissolved Salt 5870mg/L Electrical Conduction 10.72mS/cm Entire Coli-form 0 Harmonizing to our trials, the pH value of the condensed H2O increased from 7.6 to 7.8. Condensed H2O, hence, is more basic in nature and helps forestalling wellness jeopardies due to sourness within the human organic structure. It must be noted that the pH values within the scope specified by World Health Organization [ 10 ] . This H2O will act as ordinary pat H2O when used in agricultural activities in footings of pH and will non turn out effectual in killing sources [ 11 ] . Heating the sea H2O at high temperature in our strategy is shown to significantly cut down the TDS value. The condensed H2O has merely 33 % TDS [ 12 ] compared with the original sea H2O. To be precise, TDS was found to be 5870mg/L which is classified â€Å" brackish H2O † in literature [ 13 ] . Although the salt content has non been removed wholly but writers believe carry oning similar experiments on larger graduated table can give better benefits. The electrical conduction of the condensed H2O, as given in Table 3 is found to be 10.72 mS/cm. The existent trial study ( besides given in the appendix ) suggests that electrical conduction can be well decreased by following the strategy outlined here. The ascertained value of conduction is similar to that of Divide Lake in Minnesota, United States [ 14 ] . It is interesting to observe that the H2O collected from capacitor has zero entire coli-form, which makes it ideal for drinkable intents in footings of hygiene [ 15 ] . Decision This paper investigates the thought of heating sea H2O at high temperatures for desalting its unsought contents and bring forthing electricity before distilling the same. Detailed proposed set up for the said thought has been given and by experimentation evaluated. It was found that around 24W of mechanical power is available across turbine blades utilizing really little graduated table research lab equipment. In order to measure the chemical alterations on sea H2O due to inordinate warming and hit with turbine blades, research lab trials were conducted on the condensed H2O. Although the condensed H2O did non turn out to be useable straight for drinkable intents, larger scale versions of similar trials might turn out utile. Still, sufficient betterment in chemical belongingss of sea H2O was observed in the trials. The chief motive for this research comes from the fact that Pakistan is blessed with a big coastal belt, which can be put to utilize in legion ways. This paper highlights o ne of those utilizations. How to cite Can Sea Water Generate Usable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

The Art of Food free essay sample

One day on the bus after a dragging 8 hours of school I couldnt wait to get home, lie in bed and watch some TV, which was my usual routine after school. When I got home that day I remember stuffing my coat and book bag in the closet and putting on some comfortable clothes for my nap. When I laid in bed I heard a knock on my door. â€Å"Ugh great what does my grandpa want now† I grunted. I screamed â€Å"come in!† and a head popped in the crack of my door. He then asked me if I wanted to help him with dinner that he had a headache and he didnt feel good. Of course like any other teenager I contended no, gave him attitude and said I was tired and wanted to sleep. He calmly said â€Å" OK that’s fine.† After five minutes or so I was feeling guilty and finally got the energy to get up and help him prepare dinner. We will write a custom essay sample on The Art of Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was making rice, chicken, and beans like he always was but I never really paid attention to how much work it really took to make dinner every day for about 5 people. He taught me how to cook rice and chop veggies and how to grill chicken. Everything was pretty amusing to me and I was kind of having fun doing it. He then talked to me about working in a kitchen in Cuba working from 7 am to 10 pm everyday in order to support my grandma and their 5 kids. He told me about the lady who taught him everything he knew about cooking, Angelita Arias. She taught him how to really appreciate food and essentially he grew a love for food and that’s what he was passing on to me. Since that day I always come home from school eager to help my grandpa in the kitchen and see what we were sauteing, frying, barbecuing, fricasseeing that day. My grandpa introduced me to a life I didnt know existed, something humans don’t really pay attention to which is the art of food, the art of turning nothing into something magical and delicious. Ever since that day I realized what I wanted to do with my life, to become a chef and share my love of food with the world and I can only thank my grandpa for that.