Determinants of Greenhouse Gas Assurance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

- Concept Mapping Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

- Concept Mapping - Coursework Example Understudies can be given one specific point to conceptualize on a gathering. They would be given one point, for example, investigating travel via air and travel via vehicle. Air travel would come on one side and vehicle travel on the other. In the middle would be the regular advantages of both. On the outrageous sides would the divergent characters of each. Understudies can be educated or assessed utilizing an idea map, and the educator would have the option to survey whether the understudy has comprehended the complexities of a subject. An understudy could be given a drawn idea map and the understudy would need to put every idea under the separate heading and connection them up together with the goal that they bode well. This is a procedure by which the understudy can relate different thoughts and connection different ideas to earlier information. Instructive hypothesis and psychological brain research solid recommend visual learning for encouraging understudies of different age gatherings During a study hall introduction for an introduction in an unnatural weather change, the different impacts of a dangerous atmospheric devation can be put as individual symbols and all the resulting impact of every one of these impacts can be additionally connected. For instance an understudy, can consider the connection between an unnatural weather change and how it causes an ascent in volcanoes and seismic tremors. It very well may be utilized to plot a work and break the subject into headings, subheadings and creating a report. Along these lines the thinking procedure about the understudy can be surrounded, and the understudy can be increasingly organized and sorted out and introducing an investigation or data Before understudies direct a basic examination on any theme, they need to arrange for how the subject ought to be composed. This could likewise be helpful during an assessment or test, where the understudy doesn't have the opportunity to compose a great deal however needs to arrange for how to plot the point into a chain of importance of headings and subheadings. Before any task is given to every understudy in a homeroom, the understudy could be approached to utilize this device and come out with an

How to Get Stress Relief With Cognitive Therapy

How to Get Stress Relief With Cognitive Therapy Psychotherapy Print How Cognitive Therapy Works for Stress Relief By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on February 07, 2020 Tetra images/Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Negative thoughts can create more stress in our lives. Not only can negative affect, or being in a bad mood, color our experience so that many of the things we experience seem more stressful and even overwhelming, but our bad mood can be contagious, and can even cause others to treat us in a less friendly way, perpetuating negativity in us and virtually everyone we encounter, to a degree. It is easy to get trapped into the habit of thinking negatively, and changing those thought processes is a goal in cognitive therapy. Many people have found this to be a useful tool in their stress management strategy. Cognitive therapy has been found to be effective in the treatment of many issues such as anxiety disorders, depression, and even severe stress.?? Whether the stress is contributing to mood disorders or is just creating unpleasant feelings that are interfering with a happy lifestyle, cognitive therapy (or a mix of cognitive and behavioral therapy) can be a very effective mode of treatment. The Idea Behind Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy for stress rests on the premise that it’s not simply the events in our lives that cause us stress, it’s the way we think about them.?? For example, two people may be caught in traffic. One person could view this situation as an opportunity to listen to music or get lost in thought and become (or remain) relaxed. Another person may focus on the wasted time or the feeling of being trapped, and become distressed. There are hundreds of examples of how our thoughts and our negative self-talk color our experiences. These can lead to a triggered stress response or a calm demeanor. Virtually all of the thought patterns that negatively impact our experiences can be categorized into one of 10  common cognitive distortions.?? Therapists using a cognitive approach work with clients to recognize and alter these habitually negative thought patterns. You can also work on some of them at home. Cognitive Restructuring for Stress Relief Using Cognitive Therapy for Stress Relief Many people have found a cognitive approach to be wonderfully helpful and much quicker than most therapeutic approaches. There is no standard length or number of cognitive therapy sessions needed for the treatment of stress.?? It depends on what your needs are. After a few sessions, some people see improvement. Other people may need months of therapy before they feel better.   This is significantly  faster than the years-on-the-couch rate of psychoanalytic therapy, which is what many people still think of when they think of going to a shrink. Support for the effectiveness of this approach comes from research on optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles.?? It is also revealed by the positive results that come from cognitive therapy for stress, or a mix of cognitive and behavioral therapy. Cognitive therapy has also been combined with the practice of mindfulness. This created  mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), which has shown promising effects as well.?? Giving It a Try When interviewing potential therapists, ask about their experience with this approach. You can also search out someone who specializes in cognitive therapeutic interventions. If you’re not interested in seeing a therapist at this point but would like to use some cognitive techniques to reduce your stress levels, you can begin at home. Discover how to  change your habitual thought patterns in the interest of stress relief. How Positive Thinking Impacts Stress

Money Frauds China And China - 994 Words

Against Money Frauds China is one of the countries that have the highest yearly rate of frauds. Although the China governments have uploaded many promotional videos on preventing the crooks, but can we really get away from the fraud base on those videos? The risk of fraudulent activity is increases every year in China. The China government should establish a special department to help people to prevent from the money frauds, because frauds are the problem that affects people a lot and also because the detection of frauds is extremely low in China. The frauds that are happening in China are not just to the Chinese, also to the people who come traveling China. Most of the people whom traveling China, because they want to learn about the china cultures and they might want to visit the Tiananmen in china. According to a YouTube video, the author shows people how the frauds current situations are in China. In the video it remains people to be careful when they’re traveling in China. The video â€Å"Top 5 Scams to Watch Out for When Traveling in China | China Uncensored†, the author states that â€Å"China is one of the most beautiful places on earth†, he is encouraging people to visit China, but also he states that, â€Å"here are my top 5 scams humane counter while in China.† It can really cause to the decline of tourism industry to the China. This video shows us that many of the money frauds are happening to the foreigners in Tiananmen. I think the Chinese governments should do their best toShow MoreRe latedCorporate and Personal Income Tax Fraud813 Words   |  3 Pages Corporate and personal income tax fraud is not a new phenomenon; it is a part of day to day business in the global economy. Where there is worship of money there seems to be fraud in one form or another. China is no different than any other country on this planet; it has honest corporations and dishonest ones also. China is listed as number 8 on the top 10 countries for tax fraud (Berr, 2011). 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There are many examples when dependent auditors concealed fraud, and the results are always disastrous, examples such as WorldCom, Enron, Rita Aid and Tyco. But let’s see what happened in the 6th largest cable operator in US- Adelphia. In the beginning of the 2002 Adelphia Communications Corporation was found guilty for fraud, amounting to 2.3 billion dollars of concealed liabilitiesRead MoreEssay about Japanese, Russian, Chinese, and Mexican Organized Crime1042 Words   |  5 Pages Organized crime is an international issue and it exists in several different countries, such as; Italy, China, Japan, Russia and the United States of America. Although all these groups of organized crime have many things in common they tend to have different ways of doing something, or they may not do them at all. Many also commit similar types of crimes, and others commit crimes other groups would not. It is thought that the Russian Mafia has existed in Russia for several centuries. 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Various companies and governments have attempted to combat piracy, but they had not seen much success until recentRead MoreThe Ethical And Management Issues1593 Words   |  7 Pagesemployees considered to be casual workers. In China and India, new and challenging HRM issues are undergoing tremendous changes due to the improvement of workplace conditions, labour laws and wages all contributing to healthier, safer work environments. The purpose of this report is to Comment on the ethical and management issues raised by all three case studies (7-Eleven, ‘Are organisation’s exploiting ‘non-employees’’ and ‘New and challenging HRM issues in China and India’) and make recommendations forRead MoreBank Fraud956 Words   |  4 PagesBank fraud is a crime that has been around as long as banks themselves. Anytime there is a large amount of money floating around, there are going to be people trying to figure out ways to get to it. In the United States, and most other developed countries, bank fraud is a serious problem that causes billions of dollars in damages every year, and is considered a federal offense. In China bank fraud is even punishable by death. Bank fraud is defined as attempting to wrongfully take money or propertyRead MoreCorruption Is An Everyday Experience For Millions Of Chinese People Essay824 Words   |  4 Pagesnot only schools, but businesses, on farms and in factories, and any contact that citizens may have with government authorities. Known in China as â€Å"black corruption.† the corrupt practices in this category include graft, bribery, fraud, embezzlement, extortion, smuggling, tax evasion, etc. They constitute an important part of â€Å"economic crimes†. Unfortunately China is an environment where petty corruption is common and tolerated. After the beginning of the post Mao reform period, China’s bribery problemRead MoreInternet Usage Addiction1079 Words   |  4 Pagespeople from different parts of the world. This has led to it rampant usage and as much as it has noticeable benefits, its limitations cannot be overlooked either. Internet addiction in teenagers or to say adolescents has been estimated to be 12% in China, 19.4% in Korea and 8% in Greece approximately (Lin). To start with, usage of the internet leads to addiction. While the time spend in the internet might be highly productive, compelling use of the internet can ultimately interfere with your work

The Tempest By William Shakespeare Essay - 1940 Words

What do we think about monsters? Monsters are part of our popular culture and have been used invidious media since our earlier times. They have been used to instill fear in us, and to make us timid to our approach of the unknown and the unnatural. This fear of monsters and the unknown has unfortunately also applied to other humans as well. Shakespeare’s The Tempest uses one character, Caliban, to represent the imagery of the unknown and as a savage monster in the viewpoint of exploring Europeans. Using The Tempest and other works such as Cesaire’s A Tempest and Achebe’s An Image of Africa, I will describe the struggles of Caliban from the story lens and a post-colonial lens and to identify how he is being described as monster in Shakespeare’s final work. In The Tempest, along with being an enslaved being of the magical Prospero, Caliban is also noticeably the only known native of the island in which Prospero and his daughter have inhabited since â€Å"their betrayal† a decade plus before. According to Caliban himself (and also Prospero and Ariel), he is the offspring of a witch who’s name is Sycorax. â€Å"Yes, Caliban, her son.† (338, Act I Scene II) Sycorax, along with Caliban, was one of the few natives of the secluded island and was a very powerful witch. Several interpretations of Sycorax are widespread in historical mythology and cultures, but one of the most noticeable is being a witch who is a native from Africa. Because of fear over her abilities, Sycorax isShow MoreRelatedThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1603 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s play, The Tempest, power is manifested in several forms: the investigation of the power of love, the power of magic and illusion, or the power of nature. 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Artistically, The Tempest emphasizes the nature of art, more prominentlyRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1351 Words   |  6 Pagescritique rank’s Shakespeare’s ‘The Tempest’ as one of the most preeminent and descriptive plays addressing the role of colonial power and conquest in literature. One of Shakespeare’s last plays, ‘The Tempest’ explores the direct parallel between the working proletariats and wealthy bourgeois. Therefore the focuses of this paper are the implications of hegemony and class alienation, the commoditization of human subc lasses, and the commonalities with â€Å"The Tempest† and Shakespeare’s life. The analysisRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesThe greatest playwright of English literature was William Shakespeare. His final play that he wrote alone was The Tempest, the story of how the former Duke of Milan, Prospero, returned to power after being exiled on an island for twelve years. While reading The Tempest, it is hard not to notice the ambivalence of the character of Prospero. Consequently, the character’s motivation and subsequent characteristics are solely defined by the reader. Typically, Prospero is seen as driven by either revengeRead MoreThe Tempest by William Shakespeare1042 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeare uses the events of the plot to present a theme of how a lust for power can drive actions. The specific settings of scenes help clarify the desires for power in the characters and how they plan to achieve them. The Tempest provides insight, through Prospero, into the question of how our decisions reveal our character. The Tempest is filled with examples of strong manipulation and how much is too much. The title of this play used both literally and metaphorically explains the overallRead MoreThe Tempest by William Shakespeare1858 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s The Tempest refines his portrayal of nature from the earlier play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, nature is shown to be mysterious presence that blurs the lines between reality and illusion; it is a magical force that is unreachable and incomprehensible for human beings. A Midsummer Night’s Dream gives nature a mischievous, playful, dreamlike feel because in this play nature interferes for the sake of love. The Tempest breaks down the barrier that dividesRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesThe tempest by William Shakespeare is a story about a man named Prospero and his daughter Miranda. Within the story Prospero does almost everything for his daughter. Prospero takes one the mother’s role and finds Miranda a fiance. Telling her the truth about how they came about to end up on the island. Prospero protecting Miranda at all costs making sure nothing hurts her. The Attitude prospero has towards Miranda when compared to the attitude towards others. Thought some of the things he s doneRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare950 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tempest is a play that seems to be about a group of shipwrecked nobles, when in actuality it is a critique of the destructive effects of one group forcing its ideas on another. William Shakespeare wrote The Tempest in the early 1600’s, a time when England was beginning to assert itself as a superpower by colonizing other countries. In The Tempest Prospero is a callous character who mistreats Caliban, and as a result, Caliban becomes resentful and bitter, but unable to rule himself; ultimatelyRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1446 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tempest is a play written by William Shakespeare around 1610 toward the end of his career as a poet and playwright. The Tempest fits in the genre of tragicomedy. The genre blends aspects of tragedy and romance together which are depicted in a humorous way. The Tempest is set on an island where its location is unspecified. The play finds Prospero and Miranda, ousted former Duke of Milan and his daughter, living in exile on an island with Caliban, its lone native inhabitant. Change affects theRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare2017 Words   |  9 PagesThe Tempest is one of Shakespeare’s most well-known plays, and as such, has been examined in many different ways by many different people. In the world of literature, there are a few different distinct styles of review that are used to examine works of literature, these are called schools of critique or critical lenses. All of these schools serve a purpose in examining different themes in a work depending on the work, and the tempest is no exception. The Tempest has many sub themes in the story

We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD) Free Essays

We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD). The location that we chose for this study was central Croydon. Croydon is a suburban town with a population of just over 330000, to be precise 330688, according to 2002 Census. We will write a custom essay sample on We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Central Croydon is located in Outer London in the borough of Croydon, though it used to be a Surry Urban District. It is approximately 9.5miles south of London. It is surrounded by numerous other towns located in the London Borough of Croydon, for instance Norbury which is just North from Central Croydon, Purley which is just South-West of it and a handful other small towns which are illustrated in Figure 1 below. With over 2.5 million sq. ft of retail space, Croydon is one of the principal shopping centres South of London. Figure 1 It is likely that the placement of Croydon’s CBD, conforms to a specific urban model, which was produced to generalize the patterns of urban land use found in cities. The models in question are the Burgess and Hoyt models, illustrated below (Figure 2). CBD’s are a characteristic in all towns and cities. It is the part of the city where most business is conducted. The Central Business District (CBD) is generally located in the centre of a town or city with all route ways leading to it, making it the most accessible place in the city. As a result, it is the most intensively used part of the city and consequently, competition for space to conduct business is great; therefore land values are high and only large businesses can locate there. This is why no houses can locate there. 2 One of my aims in this study is to investigate test how accurately Croydon’s CBD corresponds to the core-frame model of CBD’s, which indicates the layout of various different land uses within a CBD. (see Figure 3 below) According to this model, department stores, specialist shops, banks, and high rise office blocks are found in the core (centre) of the CBD. In the frame (the area surrounding the core) bus and coach stations, smaller shops, theatres and cinemas, multi-storey car parks, universitys, car sales and service andrailway stations, are found her. The CBD of a city is a dynamic area going through changes; it isn’t static. Cerain parts of the frame, and sometimes including the core, go through a phase of decline: closed shops, numerous charity and budget shops and a neglected appearance are features of a zone of decay. A different area of a CBD may benefit from the development of new businesses. These particular areas, called zones of improvement, are becoming spirited, more pleasant and more profitable. The condition of buildings and general appearance of the area are also progressing. Having planned where the investigation is to take place, I have constructed a list of the hypotheses I shall be analyzing; 1) Certain retail land uses will cluster e.g. Comparison shops such as ladies’ clothes shops, shoe shops and jewelers, whereas others will disperse i.e. Convenience shops (newsagents) and specialist shops (camera shops). Comparison shops, for instance clothes and shoe shops, are expected to cluster so that customers are not obliged to travel very far to the next shop â€Å"comparing† prices, quality, and/or style of the goods that they have come to purchase. As these shops sell items that are usually bought rarely the shopper is willing to visit a handful of different shops before deciding where to buy the item they want. Therefore, I presume these shops will be nearby each other in order to make it easier for consumers to obtain what they are looking for. As for convenience shops, such as newsagents, general stores and corner shops, these are expected to be dispersed since their profits would suffer under the influence of competition if such stores were positioned in nearby vicinity to each other. As these stores mainly sell low-order goods, such as bread, milk, eggs etc. which are needed frequently, people are not willing to travel long distances for. Therefore, as these stores have low spheres of influence, it would be bad for business to say the least, if they were to cluster together and generate competition against one another. Like convenience shops, specialist shops, which concentrate on selling only one type of good such as cameras or arts materials, are also dispersed. This is due to the fact that they need to attract a large number of customers in order to make a profit; they need a high threshold population and they will consequently have a large sphere of influence. Another attribute similar to that of the convenience shops, is the actuality that if more than one type of the same store were located close together, they too would have to endure some rivalry. 2) Chain stores, department stores will locate in the core of the CBD, whereas smaller, privately owned businesses will locate in the frame of the CBD Chain stores and department stores are typically more successful and profitable, due to having large spheres of influence and large threshold populations to match, than those of the smaller businesses. They can therefore afford to buy land in the core where it is more often than not, more expensive. Whereas, the smaller businesses are not so well-off and are forced to set up the businesses around the frame of the CBD. 3) Pedestrian flows will be higher near the PLVI (in the core) of the CBD. In theory, as there are a greater number of stores with high sphere’s of influence, such as department stores, chain store etc., it is likely that a greater number of people will be drawn to that area of the CBD than the outer frame of the CBD. As the route-focus is situated at the PLVI, that particular area is likely to be to most accessible point of the CBD, therefore attracting furthermore people there. Many companies, businesses and offices are located in the CBD, so the surrounding area outside these buildings may be busy with employees or customers entering and exiting the buildings. In Croydon’s CBD there is also a large number of entertainment amenities, such as night clubs, bars, cinemas and so on, which have large spheres of influence, drawing customers from neighbouring towns that enjoy going out during evenings and weekends etc. The bars, pubs and restaurants also appeal to those who work in close vicinity to, and also within, the CBD and do not have to travel far during lunch breaks and coffee breaks. Finally, the entire CBD of Croydon is amazingly served by countless forms of transport; it is the centre of Tram networks, has at least 3 different train stations with frequent links to London and several other places, and over 50 different bus routes passing through the town every day. As a result of these services masses of people are likely to travel or pass through Croydon commuting, on their way to work, school etc., thus resulting in large numbers of individuals by bus and tram stops, train stations etc. particularly in the mornings and afternoons. 4) Environmental quality will be highest near the PLVI of the CBD in the core and become lower towards the frame. Environmental quality may be higher in a zone of improvement and lowest in a zone of decay. As shops that are mainly located near the PLVI in Croydon’s CBD are usually rich, successful chain and department stores, they can afford to maintain their shops and surrounding area at a high standard. The reason for them doing this would be to attract customers, who would supposedly be impressed by perhaps the architecture and cleanliness of their buildings. In view of the fact that these stores have large spheres of influence and draw many people into Croydon, the council probably invests more time and money to keep that area to a high standard by planting trees, installing benches, hiring road sweepers etc, in order to keep the number of visitors coming into Croydon elevated. Environmental quality will obviously be higher in a zone of improvement than in a zone of decay, probably due to a number of factors such as crime and vandalism due to a lack of security, lack of funds being spent on the area by the council as it doesn’t attract many people into Croydon. Also, a characteristic of zones of improvement is that the area is progressing and improving, perhaps by opening well known coffee shops such as Starbucks, Costa etc., that will bring in more trade. Also, people probably have more respect for attractive areas that have security and look pleasant, than they do for run-down, grotty areas where it is possible to get away with law-breaking and sabotage. 5) Building height will decrease with distance from the CBD In my opinion the explanation of this hypothesis is relatively straightforward. As the price of land grows more expensive in the CBD (most probably because of the prestigious, prime location in the most busy spot in the CBD), owners build on the land they already own to avoid buying more land and also to make the most of what they already own. Consequently, the further away from the CBD, the lower the building will be, for the reason that owners are able to meet the expense of increasing the amount of land the purchase, as the area is further away from the kudos and popularity of the CBD. 6) The public’s general opinion of the frame of the CBD is negative and dissatisfied compared to that of the core According to the core-frame model of the CBD, the frame contains areas of a lower standard than in the core; the zone of improvement and the zone of decay. I would imagine the public’s opinion of the outer CBD to be a lot lower and more downbeat than that of the PLVI, purely because the area is in worse condition and less appealing to the individuals in Croydon. As basically all of the department stores, businesses, places to eat, amenities and so forth, are located deep within the centre of the CBD there is little reason for people to visit the outer CBD which consists of little of interest or appeal. Not compared to core at any rate. There are a handful of factors that result in the frame of the CBD being less likable and attractive than the core, such as environmental quality being less than satisfactory, shops being less appealing and attractive, higher crime rates, distance from the core, being less accessible and so on. Generally speaking, I think the public would much rather visit a safe, visually pleasing,  clean, and on the whole, a higher standard area than a vandalized, potentially dangerous, run-down area. How to cite We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD), Papers

We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD) Free Essays

We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD). The location that we chose for this study was central Croydon. Croydon is a suburban town with a population of just over 330000, to be precise 330688, according to 2002 Census. We will write a custom essay sample on We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Central Croydon is located in Outer London in the borough of Croydon, though it used to be a Surry Urban District. It is approximately 9.5miles south of London. It is surrounded by numerous other towns located in the London Borough of Croydon, for instance Norbury which is just North from Central Croydon, Purley which is just South-West of it and a handful other small towns which are illustrated in Figure 1 below. With over 2.5 million sq. ft of retail space, Croydon is one of the principal shopping centres South of London. Figure 1 It is likely that the placement of Croydon’s CBD, conforms to a specific urban model, which was produced to generalize the patterns of urban land use found in cities. The models in question are the Burgess and Hoyt models, illustrated below (Figure 2). CBD’s are a characteristic in all towns and cities. It is the part of the city where most business is conducted. The Central Business District (CBD) is generally located in the centre of a town or city with all route ways leading to it, making it the most accessible place in the city. As a result, it is the most intensively used part of the city and consequently, competition for space to conduct business is great; therefore land values are high and only large businesses can locate there. This is why no houses can locate there. 2 One of my aims in this study is to investigate test how accurately Croydon’s CBD corresponds to the core-frame model of CBD’s, which indicates the layout of various different land uses within a CBD. (see Figure 3 below) According to this model, department stores, specialist shops, banks, and high rise office blocks are found in the core (centre) of the CBD. In the frame (the area surrounding the core) bus and coach stations, smaller shops, theatres and cinemas, multi-storey car parks, universitys, car sales and service andrailway stations, are found her. The CBD of a city is a dynamic area going through changes; it isn’t static. Cerain parts of the frame, and sometimes including the core, go through a phase of decline: closed shops, numerous charity and budget shops and a neglected appearance are features of a zone of decay. A different area of a CBD may benefit from the development of new businesses. These particular areas, called zones of improvement, are becoming spirited, more pleasant and more profitable. The condition of buildings and general appearance of the area are also progressing. Having planned where the investigation is to take place, I have constructed a list of the hypotheses I shall be analyzing; 1) Certain retail land uses will cluster e.g. Comparison shops such as ladies’ clothes shops, shoe shops and jewelers, whereas others will disperse i.e. Convenience shops (newsagents) and specialist shops (camera shops). Comparison shops, for instance clothes and shoe shops, are expected to cluster so that customers are not obliged to travel very far to the next shop â€Å"comparing† prices, quality, and/or style of the goods that they have come to purchase. As these shops sell items that are usually bought rarely the shopper is willing to visit a handful of different shops before deciding where to buy the item they want. Therefore, I presume these shops will be nearby each other in order to make it easier for consumers to obtain what they are looking for. As for convenience shops, such as newsagents, general stores and corner shops, these are expected to be dispersed since their profits would suffer under the influence of competition if such stores were positioned in nearby vicinity to each other. As these stores mainly sell low-order goods, such as bread, milk, eggs etc. which are needed frequently, people are not willing to travel long distances for. Therefore, as these stores have low spheres of influence, it would be bad for business to say the least, if they were to cluster together and generate competition against one another. Like convenience shops, specialist shops, which concentrate on selling only one type of good such as cameras or arts materials, are also dispersed. This is due to the fact that they need to attract a large number of customers in order to make a profit; they need a high threshold population and they will consequently have a large sphere of influence. Another attribute similar to that of the convenience shops, is the actuality that if more than one type of the same store were located close together, they too would have to endure some rivalry. 2) Chain stores, department stores will locate in the core of the CBD, whereas smaller, privately owned businesses will locate in the frame of the CBD Chain stores and department stores are typically more successful and profitable, due to having large spheres of influence and large threshold populations to match, than those of the smaller businesses. They can therefore afford to buy land in the core where it is more often than not, more expensive. Whereas, the smaller businesses are not so well-off and are forced to set up the businesses around the frame of the CBD. 3) Pedestrian flows will be higher near the PLVI (in the core) of the CBD. In theory, as there are a greater number of stores with high sphere’s of influence, such as department stores, chain store etc., it is likely that a greater number of people will be drawn to that area of the CBD than the outer frame of the CBD. As the route-focus is situated at the PLVI, that particular area is likely to be to most accessible point of the CBD, therefore attracting furthermore people there. Many companies, businesses and offices are located in the CBD, so the surrounding area outside these buildings may be busy with employees or customers entering and exiting the buildings. In Croydon’s CBD there is also a large number of entertainment amenities, such as night clubs, bars, cinemas and so on, which have large spheres of influence, drawing customers from neighbouring towns that enjoy going out during evenings and weekends etc. The bars, pubs and restaurants also appeal to those who work in close vicinity to, and also within, the CBD and do not have to travel far during lunch breaks and coffee breaks. Finally, the entire CBD of Croydon is amazingly served by countless forms of transport; it is the centre of Tram networks, has at least 3 different train stations with frequent links to London and several other places, and over 50 different bus routes passing through the town every day. As a result of these services masses of people are likely to travel or pass through Croydon commuting, on their way to work, school etc., thus resulting in large numbers of individuals by bus and tram stops, train stations etc. particularly in the mornings and afternoons. 4) Environmental quality will be highest near the PLVI of the CBD in the core and become lower towards the frame. Environmental quality may be higher in a zone of improvement and lowest in a zone of decay. As shops that are mainly located near the PLVI in Croydon’s CBD are usually rich, successful chain and department stores, they can afford to maintain their shops and surrounding area at a high standard. The reason for them doing this would be to attract customers, who would supposedly be impressed by perhaps the architecture and cleanliness of their buildings. In view of the fact that these stores have large spheres of influence and draw many people into Croydon, the council probably invests more time and money to keep that area to a high standard by planting trees, installing benches, hiring road sweepers etc, in order to keep the number of visitors coming into Croydon elevated. Environmental quality will obviously be higher in a zone of improvement than in a zone of decay, probably due to a number of factors such as crime and vandalism due to a lack of security, lack of funds being spent on the area by the council as it doesn’t attract many people into Croydon. Also, a characteristic of zones of improvement is that the area is progressing and improving, perhaps by opening well known coffee shops such as Starbucks, Costa etc., that will bring in more trade. Also, people probably have more respect for attractive areas that have security and look pleasant, than they do for run-down, grotty areas where it is possible to get away with law-breaking and sabotage. 5) Building height will decrease with distance from the CBD In my opinion the explanation of this hypothesis is relatively straightforward. As the price of land grows more expensive in the CBD (most probably because of the prestigious, prime location in the most busy spot in the CBD), owners build on the land they already own to avoid buying more land and also to make the most of what they already own. Consequently, the further away from the CBD, the lower the building will be, for the reason that owners are able to meet the expense of increasing the amount of land the purchase, as the area is further away from the kudos and popularity of the CBD. 6) The public’s general opinion of the frame of the CBD is negative and dissatisfied compared to that of the core According to the core-frame model of the CBD, the frame contains areas of a lower standard than in the core; the zone of improvement and the zone of decay. I would imagine the public’s opinion of the outer CBD to be a lot lower and more downbeat than that of the PLVI, purely because the area is in worse condition and less appealing to the individuals in Croydon. As basically all of the department stores, businesses, places to eat, amenities and so forth, are located deep within the centre of the CBD there is little reason for people to visit the outer CBD which consists of little of interest or appeal. Not compared to core at any rate. There are a handful of factors that result in the frame of the CBD being less likable and attractive than the core, such as environmental quality being less than satisfactory, shops being less appealing and attractive, higher crime rates, distance from the core, being less accessible and so on. Generally speaking, I think the public would much rather visit a safe, visually pleasing,  clean, and on the whole, a higher standard area than a vandalized, potentially dangerous, run-down area. How to cite We have decided to investigate the land use patterns in a Central Business District (CBD), Papers